Abstract

Awareness of Security and Crisis Management Issues

Lacking Among the Japanese

―　The Effects of Geography, Climate, Farming on National Character　―

Kathumi SUGIYAMA

Member of Research Committee, DRC

The Japanese are said to be more lacking in their awareness of security and crisis management than other nations. Especially since 1945, Japanese society has been criticized for its reliance on the US for its national security and for its extremely weak awareness of national security issues. Growing internationalization and the development of the information society have been accompanied by annual increase in brutal crime and other incidents, gradually wearing away at the myth of Japanese safety. In spite of efforts to call attention to and criticize the lack of security and crisis management awareness, Japanese attitudes overall do not seem to be changing.

Why is this? To develop national security policies and policies for protecting individuals from criminal acts, it is essential to know the answer to this question. The measures that need to be taken to correct this lack of awareness are discussed below.

After Japanese forces retreated following a defeat by Tang dynasty forces in the battle of Hkusonko in 663, Japan did not wage any major wars. With victories against the Mongol invasions, the victory of the Shimazu army in the Keicho no Eki, and victories in the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars. Japan did not know the taste of defeat for 1,300 years. Its army and navy were invincible.

This myth of invincibility created a stronger awareness of Japan as being the “ land of the gods,” another cause of the weakened sense of security awareness among the general populate. Ultimately, the Japanese forces, proud of their invincibility, suffered a major defeat to the US. Atomic bombs were dropped on Japan in 1945, and the nation was occupied by a foreign power.

The unprecedented defeat and occupation by the US forces resulted in a climate that forced the Japanese to fundamentally rethink their attitudes toward security. There were two reasons for this.

The first was exogenous. Because the US found the Japanese state and people to be the fiercest military power it had theretofore fought, it wanted to prevent Japan from rebuilding itself back into a strong military power. Thus, to cripple the spirit of this strong military culture, the US strengthened policies to instill among the Japanese a desire for the complete evasion of military force and the institutions to go along with it. This was achieved through the constitution, which prohibits Japan from maintaining military forces and renounces the night of the belligerency of the state, as well as through the prohibition against the martial arts and the Tokyo Tribunal which condemned Japan as a criminal state.

The second reason the Japanese were forced to rethink security issues was indigenous. The shock of defeat, given that Japan was considered to be the “ land of the gods,” forced a 180 degree turnaround in people’s attitudes. It sapped their spirit for waging war even against unlawful aggressive nations, and began to breed among them a desire to avoid all military preparations, causing the nation to relay completely upon a foreign power, the US, for its national defense.

The shock of this unprecedented military defeat was also apparent in the wording used in textbook descriptions of the war. For example, words expressing images of warfare, such as “war,” “military affairs, and “ strategy” were completely removed from both public and private textbooks, a trend which has continued for almost 60 years. By contrast, idealistic and unrealistic words like “peace,” “antiwar,” and “international” were incorporated into the school curriculum by the Ministry of Education based on Japan’s foreign policy. Some of the mass media also played a role in cultivating this trend.

As a result, the attitudes toward national defense, independence, and security that had been cultivated since the Meiji period have become weakened among the majority of the Japanese. This has left people mired in the belief that concentrating on economics alone will bring about peace.

Use of Armament on Japanese Air Self Defense Force in Peace Time

Koichi HASEGAWA

Senior Research Councilor, DRC

Summary

At Okinawa Island in autumn 1987, USSR reconnaissance-bomber Tu-16s invaded Japanese territory illegally and flew just over Naha and Kadena air base they are key base in Japan. JASDF interceptors flew close to the invader but could not prevent invasion because they were not allowed to use armament upon Japanese Self Defense Force law. At that time Japanese people did not complain of the invasion.

Recently in Japan, people are worrying about terrorism-attack to nuclear power plants by foreign fighter bombers or same kinds of attack to vital buildings by civil aircrafts like as September 11 case. But in these cases Japanese interceptors can not use armament effectively on nowadays law.

So we have to add clear clauses which allow Air Force to use armament into Self Defense Force Law.

The BMD System and its Joint Operations

－ The Current Issue of the JDA/SDF －

Michio YAMADA

Member of Research Committee, DRC

Introduction

In December 2003,the introduction of the Ballistic Missile Defense System to Japan was politically decided but the public seems to lack adequate explanation. This is due to the short preparation time for revising The National Defense Program Outline that will provide ample evidence of the BMD program. Most notably, on the introduction of the BMD system and its joint operations issues, we should have some fears and doubts.

1. Japan BMD System Description

The Japan BMD system is a multi-layered defense system which consists of　an　upper-tier interception by the sea-based mid-course defense system, the improved JMSDF AEGIS ship, and a lower-tier interception by the improved JASDF PATRIOT ground-to-air guided missile system. Both systems are controlled by the C2BMC system, the improved Base Air Defense Ground Environment (BADGE) System with additional BMD capability. For this program, the JDA budget was approved / requested in the amount of 106.8 B yen in FY 04 / 143.2B yen in FY05.

2. Details of the Cabinet Decision

On 17 December 2002, the United States decided to begin fielding ballistic missile defense capabilities in 2004-2005. The Japanese Government’s evaluation was that missile defense systems now seem highly technically feasible. At the Security Council of Japan and the Cabinet meeting on 19 December, 2003, it was decided to introduce BMD as a suitable defense policy for this country. While the JDA was examining the report of studies on joint operations submitted in December 2002 (and then based on the Cabinet meeting above) it was decided that JDA would establish a joint staff organization to provide advice to the Minister of State for Defense on SDF operations, basically joint operations, by revising the current JDA/SDF organizations.

3. Fears and Doubts on BMD System Construction and Operation

(1) Will the CONOPS be well examined from the view-point of Japan-US combined and joint operations?

Most people should fear the effective expense of the BMD budget by the explanation of “The concept of operations (CONOPS) for the BMD system as set forth in the new National Defense Program Outline.” ( “Defense of Japan 2004 “)

(2) Will the newly constructed C2BMC system be effectively operated ?

The Commander Air Defense Command, JASDF, will be designated as the Joint Task Force Commander of BMD operations and C2BMC system will be constructed by improving the BADGE. However, it is very doubtful that such a course of action is the most suitable to ensure efficient and effective speed of command.

(3) Can we cope with the risk of a huge total systems integration including domestic systems as well ?

The BMD system is operated in a huge battle-space where no SDF system has ever experienced the challengings needs for speed and accuracy. Also, the concept of “System-of-Systems” and ”Network Centric Warfare” must be applied in systems integration. Japanese domestic companies have no such kind of experience and therefore the technical risks may be unacceptably big.

(4) Can an efficient joint operations posture be established?

Unfortunately, JDA/SDF had to make the budget request for such a huge joint-operable system even though the joint operations posture is still incomplete. It is very important to build up steadily the indispensable functions for BMD operations, as a good basis for constructing the necessary infrastructure for joint operations.

4. The Current Proposed Solutions

(1) Establishment of an all-JDA/SDF Project Posture for the BMD System

First, it is necessary to establish the unified BMD project posture across all JDA/SDF organizations, which are responsible for systems integration and joint operations for the BMD system. It is desirable that this project be initiated by an instruction of the Minister of States for Defense and given proper authority and responsibility for the joint staff office initiative. In the systems integration, especially in the C2BMC construction, Japan-US cooperation is indispensable to overcome our late-start disadvantage in this area. Therefore, it is important organize a Japan-US joint national team (including government and industry ) and then launch this project in any form, from the earliest stage of CONOPS review.

(2) Establishment of a Joint Japan-US Technical Research Position on C2BMC

Within joint Japan-US technical research, there is a serious lack of a C2BMC area, the most technically difficult area and the most in need of joint Japan-US cooperation. Considering the continuous and rapid progress of Japan-US interoperability, a joint Japan-US technical research position regarding C2BMC must be established as soon as possible.

(3) Review of the IT Out Line

The JDA must review the “Outline for Comprehensive Programs by the Defense Agency and the Self Defense Forces to Adapt to the Information Technology Revolution” dated December,2000 and revise it to be responsible to the new BMD system and joint operations under the new National Defense Program Outline.

Conclusion

All transformations need a revolution in the minds of cognizant personnel at first, then need strong leadership to enable tough achievements. The “personnel issue” is the key to success. It is desirable that a flag officer aggressively promotes this enterprise, enhancing our joint operations posture by modeling the BMD system introduction.

(Two admirals, Owens and Cebrowski were flag officers in the Joint Staff Office when they initiated the promotion of their philosophy in Revolution in Military Affairs.)

Japanese Defense Characteristics from Viewpoint of Geopolitics

Akiji YOSHIDA

Senior Member of Research Committee, DRC

1. Landpower and Seapower

Japan is an island country located on the ocean at the east end of the Eurasian continent, and close to the Sakhalin, the Maritime Province of Siberia, the Korean Peninsula and the Chinese continent.

Speaking from the viewpoint of geopolitics, all these three countries are land powers (continent states), and Japan is the only seapower (ocean state) in all the countries of the region.

General characteristics of land powers are to have a border with many land powers and create easily a clash of interests. That is the territorial conflict concerned with the border line, so they are always forced to be war readiness attitude.

Therefore, the armed forces of land powers place greater emphasis on the army, and they must increase the army strength in proportion to the length of the border line.

According to military strategic viewpoint, a land power is in the situation currently surrounded from two or more other land powers. This means that the national vital parts or main arteries such as an economic route (militarily, logistic routes) are attacked and interrupted from many directions.

So, a landpower has the appetency of wanting to expand one’s territory. Moreover, he wants strongly the self-sufficient for his resources required for survival such as food, energy, and so on.

Meanwhile, the advantage of a landpower can defeat one by one (militarily, piecemeal attack) dispersed the other countries.

Chinese diplomacy policy or methods using since ancient times such as “Enkou-Kinkou, in Japanese”, it follows that he establishes friendly relation with far-off country and attacks a nearby country and “the scheme to provoke estrangement” come from the principle of “ piecemeal attack”.

Contrary to this, seapowers are in the favorable position for the territorial defense because the countries surrounded by sea. So, security of the territory, protection of the liberal democracy and the freedom navigation of the ocean are fundamental national interests for seapowers.

2. The trend of Japan’s neighboring countries (abbreviated)

3. Japanese defense characteristics from the viewpoint of geopolitics

(1) Japan is surrounded by Russia, China and the Korean Peninsula which are land powers.

　 Especially, these three countries have been keeping tough stances or hard-line policies to Japan.

(2) Japan must defend the vast territory including the isolated islands and their surrounding ocean areas.

The extent of Japanese territory is 4.47 million sq km including the EEZ, and ranked 6^th in the world.

(3) Lacking the strategic defense depth.

Many of Japanese cities that are located near seacoasts increase the Japanese defense vulnerability.

(4) The existence of the territorial and resources issues between these three countries.

60% or more of the causes of war in the past has been the territorial and resources issues.

(5)Economic activities depend greatly on several sea lanes.

About 300 tankers of Japanese registry or chartered are sailing every day on the shipping lanes between Japan and Middle East.

(6) Japan is close to dispute dangerous areas such as the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan Strait.

Japan-Republic of Korea Cooperation in Future

―Sharing Sense of Common Value and Strengthening Mutual Reliance―

Shigeru AOYAMA

Senior Member of Research Committee, DRC

The mutual relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) have been rapidly activating in recent years not only in the national political and economical domain, but with exchange of culture and sports in both extensive national societies.

Japan and the ROK share the important common value such as democracy and freedom, market economy system, oriental culture and thought, and also both nations individually establish the security alliance with the United States (U.S.). It has been seen since the President of the ROK Kim Dae-Jung’s visited Japan in 1998 that mutual exchange at both administrations and citizen level was activated and relationship between both nations was put stress rather for our future than the past.

At the Japan-ROK Summit Meeting at Cheju Island of the ROK July 21st this year, President Roh Moo-Hyun stated if common realizations between people of both nations may expand by reducing deference of realization through active mutual exchange, fresh talks between governments of both nations would be created. The two leaders have indicated us, the way to make effort by both nations for the future.

It would be necessary that there may emerge some differences of view and policy on individual diplomatic issues between both nations, so I think, it is important to exchange mutual views frankly and repeatedly with mind of understanding and respecting mutual environment and situation in order to approach common views.

As regard to current Japanese people’s emotion to the North Korea (N.K.), credibility gap and fear is very intense because of missile shot to Japanese water, intrusion into territorial seas with spy boats, and abduction and nuclear development issues. It must be very difficult for Japan to make substantial progress in normalization with the N.K., unless Japanese people come to understand and satisfy on their mind about solution of abduction issue and nuclear and missile threats to us.

The ROK and the N.K. is used to be a single nation with citizens of same nationality, and historical hardship resulted from the Korean War made strong emotion of “No more Korean War” deeply rooted in mind of the ROK citizens, and “the Sunshine Policy” is still supported by many ROK citizens.

Nevertheless Kim administration has also been to put in serious efforts to tackle economic reform activating international exchanges in recent 2 or 3 years, and it is natural and desirable that countrymen of North and South Korea try to promote integration, once focusing on Kim Jong-Il and his policies, its political system is one-party dictatorship and hereditary of the political leader by his family, and these systems are quite far from democracy. Moreover, he restrains people from moving both domestically and abroad, controls information in and out of the country, and there are many people who suffer from poverty and starvation, which increasingly caused of people who escape out of their country, as well as he continues to develop nuclear materiel and to deploy large scale conventional forces in the vicinity of DMZ. So we should not support or cooperate to the N.K. likely to consolidate Kim’s current political structure and policies as a result of doing that. Then we should urge his administration to perform his policies according to the international order and rules.

Both Japan and the ROK has individually been concluding security alliance with the U.S., and shares sense of common values on freedom and democracy, and market economy system keeping mutual dependence. There also is common realization between both nations that each alliance is contributing to the security and stability of the Asia region. But emerging anti-U.S. sentiment among the ROK citizens, coupling with increasing close friendship to the N.K. under the current Kim administration may cause some effect on the regional security.

The U.S. government has been modernizing of the armed forces focusing mainly on the information superiority, joint and combined operations, and strategic mobility, then the U.S. strategic posture of armed forces in future would be transformed from platforms centric organization and combat system to information network systems, namely “Network Centric Warfare (NCW)”. So allied nations with the U.S. may have to keep closer tie with the U.S. forces by sharing common information and interoperability with each other. Considering such tendency, neighboring Japan and the ROK would be needed to exchange or share necessary information mainly concerning international terrorism including cyber terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) which requires rapid response through wide area.

Allied relations between Japan and the U.S. are already settled deeply into mind of Japanese people and in matured and stable stage with firm tie.

The ROK has ever fought against the N.K. combined with the U.S. forces. But the N.K. still continues to deploy large scale forces facing to the ROK-U.S. combined forces at the northern area of DMZ. Contrary to general citizens’ eased sentiment toward the N.K. after the North-South Summit Meeting, defense posture of the ROK-U.S. military forces against the threat of the N.K. never seemed to ease.

According to the results of “Korean TNS Opinion Poll”, 44.5% of Korean respondents answered to precede the ROK-US relations rather than North-South relations, but on the contrary, 52.5% of them responded to precede North-South relations rather than ROK-US relations. These gaps of realization to the U.S. and the N.K. might affect to cause of opinion gap between Japan and the ROK people. For that purpose, I really wish the relationship of Japan and the ROK would be successful to deepen further more, as President Roh Moo-Hyun stated at Cheju Island, with steady and democratic approach by narrowing the difference of realization on critical issues between us through active exchange of civilian level of both nations.

The Chinese Maritime Expansion to the East China Sea.

Muthuyoshi GOMI

Member of Research Committee, DRC

Preface

On May 28^th in 2004, one of the Japanese Newspaper, The Cyunichi Shinbun reported that China started to construct the facility to dig in the Syungyou natural gas field in the East China Sea, very closely locating from the Medium Line between Japanese EEZ (Exclusive Economy Zone) and Chinese EEZ. It is said oil deposits in this area are equal to the Iraq oil field (112.5 billion barrels). According to the Japanese Investigation in 1969 and 70, oil deposits was assumed to 109.5 barrels and due to the Chinese investigation in 1980s, it is supposed to be 70~160 barrels. The Japanese Government claimed to the Chinese Government against the construction that there is the possibility of the intrusion into the Japanese EEZ and even limited digging in the Chinese EEZ violate the Japanese right of the natural resources, because the natural resources field is connected in the underground area. The Chinese Government insists that there is no rational regarding the Medium Line. That is the only Japanese Government’s idea and the China has no intention to agree with it. Moreover the China proposed to the combined development of the natural resources in this area by shelving the difference. The Japanese Government again claimed that before the combined development, the China should show the data of deposit in the Chinese side from the Medium Line. The Japanese Government has no intention of the combined development so far. However the Chinese Government refused to show the data. So Japanese Government decided to investigate the oil and natural gas deposit of Japanese EEZ in this area and dispatched the chartered Norway investigating ship on the 4^th of July. To this Japanese action, the Chinese Government summoned the Japanese Ambassador in China claimed that Japanese such an action is very danger provocation and the China will protest against it. In front of the Japanese embassy in Peking, Chinese activists demonstrated protesting the Japanese investigation in the East China Sea. On the other hand, one of the Chinese newspapers reported China also commenced to construct the pipeline connecting the Xihu Trough oil field and Mainland China. Secretary of the Japanese Cabinet, Mr. Hosoda pointed that we have to show the great concern to this if this is true report. In reality, China succeeded the development of Yacheng 131 oil field and sending gas to Hongkong and Hainan Island in 1998. If Japan has no action to this; China will absorb the gas in the East China Sea through the straw as if it were the water in one glass. The Chinese intention of this time construction is connected the strategy that the Chinese idea regarding EEZ in the East China Sea, that is to say, Okinawa Traff is the limitation line of the Chinese EEZ, should become a fait accompli and Senkaku Islands belong to the Chinese territory. Therefore Japanese Government should cope with the strict motivation for protecting the national interest.

1. The Continental Shelf Issue in the East China Sea between Japan and China

In addition the issue of the Senkaku Islands, there is another big issue in the East China Sea, that is to say, the limitation line issue of the Continental Shelf. The sea bed of the East China Sea is gradually declining from the Continental China toward sea and there is a basin at the 100km from the Japanese South West Islands. This basin is refereed to as Okinawa Traff running parallel with South West Islands and its length are 1000km and the depth is 1000~2000m, width are 50Km.

The Chinese Government insists that the Continental Shelf ends at the Okinawa Traff but The Japanese Government insists it expands from the China Continent to the Korean Peninsula and outside of our South West Islands and ends east side sea off the Okinawa. Therefore the boundary line between Japanese and Chinese EEZ should be the medium line between Japan, China and ROK.

2. Chinese natural resources development in the East China Sea

As I mentioned before, China already succeeded the natural gas field development and sending gas to the Continent. So China has great interest in the development of natural resources in this area. So China aggressively is conducting the investigation activities by ship in the sea of the Japanese side of the Medium Line neglecting Japanese Maritime Safety Agency ship’s warning. The reason why China is so eager to develop the national resources is that China has serious energy problems. The amount of imported petroleum was 90million ton in 2003, but in 2020 it is supposed to be 200~320 million tons. The domestic production of oil is decreasing. In this circumstance, the stable security of energy is indispensable for china to maintain 7.2% of the economic growth. Therefore China will strive to make the Okinawa traff the boundary line of EEZ with strict motivation and intention.

3. Japanese reaction

Japanese government reaction was so gentle. Against the Chinese aggressive investigation activities, Japanese Government conducted only claim. Although there is agreement between Japan and China that both government should notice in advance each other to conduct the scientific investigation in EEZ, China did not obey this agreement. Moreover Some Japanese natural resources development companies requested the permission of digging since 1966, no permission granted so far. The Japanese Government and bureaucrats explained some reason, but the true reason was they did not want have troubles with China. However on June 29^th, Mr. Nakagawa, Economic and Industry Minister, announced to conduct the natural resources investigation activity within the Japanese side from the Medium Line and commenced investigation from July 7^th. Against this, as I mentioned before, China strongly protested. However the Japanese government decided to improve this program and requested 10billion yen to next year budget including possession of the Japanese investigating ship. Anyhow, it seems Japanese government stands up at last.

Afterwards

At present time, the chartered Norway investigating ship is conducting full-scale operation. This investigation will be terminated in October. After this investigation, if Japanese Government does not construct any facility to dig in the Japanese Side Sea from the Medium Line, China absorb the natural gas located in Japanese side and will construct the facilities to dig in the Japanese Side Sea taking into account Japanese weak intention and weak-kneed. That time may be very close or after Beijing Olympic Game, anyhow it is the problem of the time. Once the construction finished, it is clear that the Chinese Government will strive to make this fact a fait accompli including British, Dutch and US oil investigating companies cooperation and will conduct some military intimidation arrogantly and then The Medium Line will disappear. Therefore Japanese Government should construct the digging facilities and make the Medium Line a fait accompli. It is supposed that China will react very strongly including the military action and expelling Japanese enterprises from China. However Japanese Government and Japanese people must grin and bear this difficulties and challenge with close union to stop the Chinese Maritime Expansion and to secure the national resources which is equal to the Iraqi Oil Field and maintain national pride as sovereignty nation. If Japan does not do this; there is completely no hope for Japanese advancement and prosperity in 21^st Century. For this purpose, Japanese Government should inform Japanese people of this fact and importance and educate how this issue is indispensable for Japanese existence and prosperity. As long as this issue limited in this area, US will not or could not apply the Japan-US Security Treaty. Because US thinks this issue is should resolved by countries concerned. Therefore, Japan must cope with China independently. Japan has to establish the posture, organization and systems as soon as possible to resolve this difficult issue.

Some Thoughts on North East Asian Security

Masaji TAKAYAMA

Senior Member of Research Committee, DRC

The Cold War structure remains in North East Asia and there are many factors that could produce conflicts. However, no wars or conflicts have occurred in North East Asia since the Korean War ended in 1953. In order to maintain peace over the next half century, ways of prevention and forestalling need to be studied.

１．No conflict in North East Asia for 50 Years

The reason for no conflict in North East Asia during the past 50 years is thought to be the deterrence and prevention of escalation produced by the overwhelming influence of the U.S. Forces in this region. In North East Asia, the U.S. is able to commit and engage in any incident with her allies. The U.S.-Japan alliance is the most important security organization. This alliance provides for the defense of Japan and for support for other U.S. allies by allowing U.S. bases in Japan. The U.S.–ROK alliance has prevented, and will continue to prevent, a North Korean invasion. The U.S.–Taiwan relations have deterred, and will continue to deter, the Chinese use of force against Taiwan. A weakening of any part of these alliances will increase tension and the possibility of conflict.

２．Security Concerns

（１） North Korean Nuclear and Ballistic Missiles

North Korea retains her military first priority policy even though her economy has been deteriorating. North Korea admitted possessing nuclear programs and is currently believed to possess more than 8 nuclear weapons. North Korea reportedly possesses chemical and biological weapons. North Korea possesses various kinds of ballistic missiles. No-Dongs can reach Japan and Taepo-Dongs could reach the United States in the near future. North Korea has committed many international crimes such as infiltration by spy ships, abduction, drug trafficking, counterfeiting and acts of terrorism.

（２）Increase of Chinese Military Power

The Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the largest military power in the world, consists of more than 2 million members. China also possesses nuclear weapons. In addition to this, due to her remarkable economic development, China military expenditure has been increasing by more than 10% every year over the last decade; and she has been modernizing her air and naval power in order to compete with the United States. China is threatening to use military power if Taiwan declares independence. China enacted her territorial law in 1992 and Chinese maritime activities such as research activities within the Japanese EEZ have produced friction with surrounding countries.

（３）Growing Antipathy toward Japan in China

In 1993 GOJ polls, more than half of the Japanese pollees answered that they liked China. However, the latest Japanese net polls show 84% dislike China, due to the anti-Japanese attitude shown by Chinese during the Asian Cup. Recent Chinese polls show 75% dislike Japan which is in contrast to the pro-Japanese sentiment in Taiwan.

（４）Terrorism

Since 9/11, terrorism has spread to North East Asia. Japan could become a target of international terrorism organizations such as Al-Qaida.

3. Expectations

（１） Improvement of Japanese Security Systems

As seen by North Korea’s illegal actions in regards to Japan over the past 30 years, Japanese security systems are insufficient and need to be improved.

（２） Strengthening of Japan-U.S. Alliance

By strengthening the Japan-U.S alliance, it can continue to deter conflict and maintain peace in North East Asia.

（３） Realization of Missile Defense

The U.S. is ready to start deploying a missile defense system this year. This will decrease the threat of ballistic missiles deployed by North Korea.

（４） Ceasing of Anti-Japanese Education

The worsening situation reflected in the polls could be the result of the anti-Japanese education in China. China should put a stop to this and establish a true friendship with Japan.

（５） Economic Mutual-Dependence and Exchange

Economic exchange will ease tension and promote mutual-dependence. However, this should be evaluated with consideration to how it relates with other policies.

（６） Cooperation with the International Community

The SDFs are working hard and establishing good relations with the Iraqi people, and with the international community, are contributing to produce stability in Iraq.

（７） Organization to Promote Security and Arms Control

Most countries in North East Asia are increasing their defense expenditures. An organization enabling discussion and action on security and arms control, should be established in order to ease tension.

Conclusion

Capitalism and Democracy are recognized as being superior to Socialism and Authoritarianism based on the results of the Cold War. Democratization creates a conflict free environment. Though economic development and prosperity are important for stability, defense and security systems are more important for maintaining peace and security. To maintain peace in North East Asia for the next 50 years, the U.S. presence is vital, and Japan and other nations should support the U.S.

An explanation of the “New Battle Aspects”

Tomohiro OKAMOTO

Member of Research Committee, DRC

Introduction

I would like to sum up the lessons learned of Iraq War and the characteristics of these new battle aspects as follows, and I will explain every detail of one each what it means in connection with RMA.

A. Revolutionary Rapid Op-Tempo

Not only in the Iraq War but also even during the Afghanistan War, operation conference based on the Internet was carried out frequently depending on the requirement. Each Commanding Officer could carry out debate in real time based on two-way information such as spy pictures obtained from satellites, pictures or images of Bomb Damage Assessment (BDA) obtained by the Commander on the battle front using unmanned aircraft such as the Dragon Eye, trend and Time Sensitive Targeting information about the enemy, necessary data concerning targets, etc. and implemented the operation while sharing the next concept of course of actions with others.

In this way, in the so-called Network Centric Warfare, since commanders do not spend time to assemble in one place to discuss the operation and execute the battle while having a complete consensus on situational awareness, they are able to confirm the operation, and as well as routine matters concerning decision in command in a very speedy manner. They could realize revolutionary speed in the operational tempo based on IT. Today, the US has succeeded in establishing seamless network of command and control, communication, as well as information, where communication is made directly from sensor to the shooter.

B. F2T2EA integrated by Networks

The integration of 6-steps of a battle sequences, namely F2T2EA – Find, Fix, Target, Track, Employ, and Assess has been made by Internet, and complete battle cycle, they call it kill-chain, was established in the battle field nowadays. In other words, in the battles until now, a pilot had to carry out all the kill-chain, namely Find, Fix, Target, Track, Employ, and Assess all alone, but in the future, the method where multiple soldiers share each function of the kill-chain and complete the battle cycle by synchronizing the time through the Internet should become the principal method.

As mentioned in the Doctrine, it is vital in the war that warheads or explosives should be concentrated on the target during the battle. But in reality, tanks, vessels, fighters or infantries had to be concentrated for the purpose of warheads or explosives concentrating to the target, because they carried those explosives as the part of attacking bodies. This concentration of the attacking bodies means exposing the vulnerability by exposing the forces as a target to the enemy. Here, the need for revolutionary transformation in the principle of battle or doctrine lies. I can safely say that although it was ideal but use of skirmish fight among soldiers in a scattered order, which was weak in carrying out destruction, has now become possible based on the realization of spherical network-type command system.

C. Satellite Guided Bombing

Bomb called Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) is the one where in the regular bomb, GPS (Global Positioning System) guided system and steering fin are equipped and if it is dropped freely from a height of 10,000 m and about 20km from the target, it is guided to the target at the strike about 10 to 13 m of CEP (Circular Error Probable). In other words, the aircraft gives the bomb potential energy, and GPS guides it to the target. The sustaining power of the bomb is just gravity instead of every kind of weapon carriers. However in time of Vietnam War, due to fear of attack from the enemy from land, pilots used to escape before the bomb reached the target and hence the percentage of hitting the target was very poor. But in case of JDAM, it is good enough to drop the bomb by simply flying into the approximate range. This has reduced the mental burden on the pilots and now it has become possible to carry out “Air Interdiction Tactics” even with a bomber. And “Air Artillery Group composed of Bombers” will take over the artillery mission from Grand Artillery in near future. Now in the US Headquarters of Joint Operations, the big dispute is made among three services concerning the sharing the artillery mission in the combat fields.

D. RMA in Every Fields

As mentioned earlier, in order to implement the “new type of warfare”, it will be necessary to review the principles of operation, including the doctrine, review of tactics and war-fighting method, review of teaching those methods, setting afresh of ROE (Rule of Engagement) and review of everything related to education and training. In other words, Network-Centric Warfare is accompanied by drastic reformation of the doctrines, which form the basis of military strategy, operation and tactics of military power, ideal way of development of defense power and formation and organization of the Military Forces, and the like. War-fighting method, education, training, research and development, especially the ideal way of command & control organization and information organization, the ideal way of research and development as a nation, including private defense and private companies – these will be indispensable for an ideal and true military revolution.

The International Relations in the IT Age